MySql Deadlock in check_trigger_timeouts

### Apache Airflow version Other Airflow 2/3 version (please specify below) ### If "Other Airflow 2/3 version" selected, which one? 2.10.5 ### What happened? Hi, We got the exact same error as: #41429, it looks to me that we should wrap the `execute` method in `check_trigger_timeouts` so we catch the exception and can actually retry? like `adopt_or_reset_orphaned_tasks` does. This happened for the first time shortly after we added a second triggerer instance, so this could make this issue more likely. Thanks Sylvain ### What you think should happen instead? _No response_ ### How to reproduce running a scheduler and multiple triggerer. ### Operating System Fedora 8.3 ### Versions of Apache Airflow Providers _No response_ ### Deployment Official Apache Airflow Helm Chart ### Deployment details _No response_ ### Anything else? _No response_ ### Are you willing to submit PR? - [x] Yes I am willing to submit a PR! ### Code of Conduct - [x] I agree to follow this project's [Code of Conduct](https://github.com/apache/airflow/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)