Add async alternative to import.meta.resolve() with additional options

### What is the problem this feature will solve? Tools often need to resolve imports of files they are analyzing, which requires a resolve API that `import.meta.resolve()` isn't suited for. - The `resolve()` call needs a referrer path, which is only available with a flag and is non standard - The tool might want to specify import conditions, which are non-standard - The call should be async, so that file system access isn't blocking. This is especially important for online resolution in servers. Node might be able to add non-standard options via a second argument, though I'm a bit dubious of this approach because it might preclude `import.meta.resolve()` from adding a standard second argument. So currently, we have complex user land resolvers that try to emulate what Node does, like [Rollup's](https://github.com/rollup/plugins/blob/master/packages/node-resolve/src/resolveImportSpecifiers.js#L275). ### What is the feature you are proposing to solve the problem? I think `node:module` should provide a function to perform built-in resolution, given a referrer path and import conditions. This API would be free from having to conform to the `import.meta.resolve()` standard. `import.meta.resolve()` would still exist for cross-platform needs of resolving from within the referrer only. ### What alternatives have you considered? _No response_