Enable the 2 new SQLite 3.51.0 amalgamation extensions.

Depends on #60614. ### What is the problem this feature will solve? [SQLite 3.51.0](https://sqlite.org/releaselog/3_51_0.html) added 2 new extensions to the amalgamation: - [Carray](https://sqlite.org/carray.html): Enabled by compile-time flag `-DSQLITE_ENABLE_CARRAY`. Useful for binding C-language arrays to SQL queries. I am unsure wether JS/TS can make use of this directly, but perhaps it may at least be useful for internal use in the Node.js-SQLite bindings. I am, however, not familiar enough with the code to comment on it. - [Percentile](https://sqlite.org/percentile.html): Enabled by compile-time flag `-DSQLITE_ENABLE_PERCENTILE`. Useful for extracting various statistical percentages from tables and should be faster than JS by having a native implementation. It also includes another compile time flag, `-DSQLITE_ENABLE_ORDERED_SET_AGGREGATES=1`, which can be set to 1 to support cross-platform SQL syntax, adding the new `WITHIN` keyword. Also increases binary size by about 1200 bytes. See the docs for all details: https://sqlite.org/compile.html#enable_ordered_set_aggregates. ### What is the feature you are proposing to solve the problem? Enable the Percentile extension with its compile flags. Carray usefulness should be investigated and can also be enabled via its compile-time flag. ### What alternatives have you considered? Missing out on these new extensions.